Arduino 測試電容量 Native Capacitive Sensors without additional Hardware

Native Capacitive Sensors without additional Hardware

You can create a touch-sensitive input on any of the Arduino's pins. It requires no special hardware, nevertheless a capacitor of 1nF is recommended in line with the pin to decouple 50Hz noises.

Connect a wire or some metallic plate to a pin.

The code works by setting the pin to ground, turning on the internal pull-up resistor, and measuring the time it takes for the pin to return to the HIGH state. If untouched readCapacitivePin returns a low value e.g. "1"; when touched it rises to about 5. By adding some comparision with a threshold you can make it a boolean key input.

DO NOT CONNECT ANY ACTIVE DRIVER TO THE USED PIN !

the pin is toggled to output mode to discharge the port, and if connected to a voltage source, will short circuit the pin, potentially damaging the Arduino and any hardware attached to the pin.

Original code by Mario Becker, Fraunhofer IGD, 2007http://www.igd.fhg.de/igd-a4

Updated by: Alan Chatham http://unojoy.tumblr.com

Updated by Paul Stoffregen: Replaced '328 specific code with portOutputRegister, etc for compatibility with Arduino Mega, Teensy, Sanguino and other boards

Gratuitous optimization to improve sensitivity by Casey Rodarmor.

Updated by Martin Renold: disable interrupts while measuring. This fixes the occasional too-low results.

Updated by InvScribe for Arduino Due.

With this function, you can call readCapacitivePin( pinNumber) and get a number from 0 to 17 corresponding to the level of capacitance on the pin - the number will be higher when you touch the pin.

// readCapacitivePin
//  Input: Arduino pin number
//  Output: A number, from 0 to 17 expressing
//  how much capacitance is on the pin
//  When you touch the pin, or whatever you have
//  attached to it, the number will get higher
#include "pins_arduino.h" // Arduino pre-1.0 needs this
uint8_t readCapacitivePin(int pinToMeasure) {
  // Variables used to translate from Arduino to AVR pin naming
  volatile uint8_t* port;
  volatile uint8_t* ddr;
  volatile uint8_t* pin;
  // Here we translate the input pin number from
  //  Arduino pin number to the AVR PORT, PIN, DDR,
  //  and which bit of those registers we care about.
  byte bitmask;
  port = portOutputRegister(digitalPinToPort(pinToMeasure));
  ddr = portModeRegister(digitalPinToPort(pinToMeasure));
  bitmask = digitalPinToBitMask(pinToMeasure);
  pin = portInputRegister(digitalPinToPort(pinToMeasure));
  // Discharge the pin first by setting it low and output
  *port &= ~(bitmask);
  *ddr  |= bitmask;
  delay(1);
  // Prevent the timer IRQ from disturbing our measurement
  noInterrupts();
  // Make the pin an input with the internal pull-up on
  *ddr &= ~(bitmask);
  *port |= bitmask;

  // Now see how long the pin to get pulled up. This manual unrolling of the loop
  // decreases the number of hardware cycles between each read of the pin,
  // thus increasing sensitivity.
  uint8_t cycles = 17;
       if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  0;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  1;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  2;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  3;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  4;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  5;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  6;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  7;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  8;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles =  9;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles = 10;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles = 11;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles = 12;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles = 13;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles = 14;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles = 15;}
  else if (*pin & bitmask) { cycles = 16;}

  // End of timing-critical section
  interrupts();

  // Discharge the pin again by setting it low and output
  //  It's important to leave the pins low if you want to 
  //  be able to touch more than 1 sensor at a time - if
  //  the sensor is left pulled high, when you touch
  //  two sensors, your body will transfer the charge between
  //  sensors.
  *port &= ~(bitmask);
  *ddr  |= bitmask;

  return cycles;
}

For Arduino Due

// readCapacitivePin
//  Input: Arduino pin number
//  Output: A number, from 0 to 17 expressing
//  how much capacitance is on the pin
//  When you touch the pin, or whatever you have
//  attached to it, the number will get higher
uint8_t readCapacitivePin(int pinToMeasure) {
  pinMode(pinToMeasure, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(pinToMeasure, LOW);
  delay(1);
  // Prevent the timer IRQ from disturbing our measurement
  noInterrupts();
  // Make the pin an input with the internal pull-up on
  pinMode(pinToMeasure, INPUT_PULLUP);

  // Now see how long the pin to get pulled up. This manual unrolling of the loop
  // decreases the number of hardware cycles between each read of the pin,
  // thus increasing sensitivity.
  uint8_t cycles = 17;
       if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  0;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  1;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  2;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  3;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  4;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  5;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  6;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  7;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  8;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles =  9;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles = 10;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles = 11;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles = 12;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles = 13;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles = 14;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles = 15;}
  else if (digitalRead(pinToMeasure)) { cycles = 16;}

  // End of timing-critical section
  interrupts();

  // Discharge the pin again by setting it low and output
  //  It's important to leave the pins low if you want to 
  //  be able to touch more than 1 sensor at a time - if
  //  the sensor is left pulled high, when you touch
  //  two sensors, your body will transfer the charge between
  //  sensors.
  digitalWrite(pinToMeasure, LOW);
  pinMode(pinToMeasure, OUTPUT);

  return cycles;
}

資料來源:

http://playground.arduino.cc/Code/CapacitiveSensor